ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to express my profound appreciation to several individuals who have been crucial to the success of this project. First and foremost, I am deeply grateful to my supervisor, Charles Nock, for his expert guidance and mentorship. His wisdom and dedication have played a pivotal role in shaping the direction of this project, and I am truly appreciative of his contributions. I would like to thank Jonathan Tales, Nina Vujakovic, and Sarah Toth for their invaluable contributions during the field season. Their unwavering support, constant assistance, and enthusiastic encouragement were central in advancing the project. Also, I would like to acknowledge Nasim Kheirkhah and Richard Osei for their valuable assistance in various aspects of this project.
I extend my gratitude to all those who have contributed, both big and small, as your collective support has been fundamental to the project's success.
I extend my gratitude to all those who have contributed, both big and small, as your collective support has been fundamental to the project's success.
SOURCES
Arnborg T. 1942. Lågaföryngringen i en syd-lappländsk granurskog [Log regeneration in a primeval spruce forest in southern Lapland]. Svenska Skogsvårdsföreningens Tidskrift. 40: 47-78. (In Swedish.)
Arno SF. 1985. Ecological effects and management implications of Indian fires.
Åström M, Dynesius M, Hylander K, Nilsson C. 2005. Effects of slash harvest on bryophytes and vascular plants in southern boreal forest clear-cuts: Effects of slash harvest. The Journal of Applied Ecology, 42(6): 1194–1202.
Bergeron Y, Fenton NJ. 2012. Boreal forests of eastern Canada revisited: old growth, nonfire disturbances, forest succession, and biodiversity. Botany. 90(6): 509–523.
Bergeron Y, Leduc A, Harvey BD, Gauthier S, 2002. Natural fire regime: a guide for sustainable management of the Canadian boreal forest. Silva Fenn. 36:81-95.
Bradshaw CJA, Warkentin IG. 2015. Global estimates of boreal forest carbon stocks and flux. Global and Planetary Change. 128: 24–30.
Brandt JP, Flannigan MD, Maynard DG, Thompson ID, Volney VJA. 2013. An introduction to Canada’s boreal zone: ecosystem processes, health, sustainability, and environmental issues. Environ. Rev. 21: 207-226.
Brandt JP, Flannigan MD, Maynard DG, Thompson ID, Volney WJA. 2013. An introduction to Canada’s boreal zone: ecosystem processes, health, sustainability, and environmental issues. Environmental Reviews. 21(4): 207–226.
Brandt JP. 2009. The extent of the North American boreal zone. Environ. Rev. 17: 101-161.
Brassard BW, Chen HYH, Wang JR, Duinker PN. 2008. Effects of time since stand-replacing fire and overstory composition on live tree structural diversity in the boreal forest of central Canada. Canada Journal for Forest Research. 38:52-63.
Burton PJ, Bergeron Y, Bogdanski BEC, Juday GP, Kuuluvainen T, McAfee BJ, Ogden AE, Teplyakov VK, Alfaro RI, Francis DA, Gauthier S, Hantula J. 2010. Sustainability of boreal forests and forestry in a changing environment. Forests and Society - Responding to Global Drivers of Change. International Union of Forest Research Organizations, Vienna, Austria, IUFRO World Series. 249-282.
Carey AB, Johnson ML. 1995. Small mammals in managed, naturally young, and old-growth forests. Ecological Applications. 5:336-352.
Cissel JH, Swanson FJ, Weisberg PJ. 1999. Landscape management using historical fire regimes: Blue River, Oregon. Ecological Applications. 9(4):1217-1231.
Cry D, Gauthier S, Bergeron Y, Carcaillet C, 2009. Forest management is driving the eastern North American boreal forest outside its natural range of variability. Front. Ecol. Environ. 7:519-524.
DeLong SC, Kessler WB. 2000. Ecological characteristics of mature forest remnants left by wildfire. For Ecol. Manage. 131: 93-106.
DeWilde L, Chapin FS III. 2006. Human impacts on the fire regime of interior Alaska: Interactions among fuels, ignition sources, and fire suppression. Ecosystems. 9(8):1342– 1353.
Dhar A, Comeau PG, Karst J, Pinno BD, Chang SX, Naeth AM, Vassov R, Bampfylde C. 2018a. Plant community development following reclamation of oil sands mine sites in the boreal forest: a review. Environ. Rev. 298: 1-13.
Dieler J, Uhl E, Biber P, Müller J, Rötzer T, Pretzsch H. 2017. Effect of forest stand management on species composition, structural diversity, and productivity in the temperate zone of Europe. European Journal of Forest Research, 136(4): 739–766.
Dragotescu I, Kneeshaw DD. 2012. A comparison of residual forest following fires and harvesting in boreal forests in Quebec, Canada. Silva Fenn. 46:365-376.
Drapeau P, Leduc A, Giroux JF, Savard JPL, Bergeron Y, Vickery WL, 2000. Landscape-scale disturbances and changes in bird communities of boreal mixed-wood forests. Ecol. Monogr. 70:423-444.
Effects of natural resource development on the terrestrial biodiversity of Canadian boreal forests. Environmental Reviews. 22(4): 457–490.
Franklin, J. F. (1989). Towards a new forestry. American Forests, 95, 37-44.
Franklin JF, Berg DR, Thornburgh DA, Tappeiner JC. 1997. Alternative silvicultural approaches to timber harvesting: variable retention harvest systems. In: Kohm, K.A., Franklin, J.F. (Eds.), Creating a Forestry for the 21st Century: The Science of Ecosystem Management. Island Press, Washington, DC. 111-140.
Franklin JF, Johnson KN, Johnson DL. 2018. Ecological forest management. Long Grove (IL): Waveland Press.
Gandhi KJ, Spence JR, Langor DW, Morgantini LE. 2001. Fire residuals as habitat reserves for epigaeic beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae and Staphylinidae). Biol. Conserv. 102:131-141.
Gao T, Hedblom M, Emilsson T, Nielsen AB. 2014. The role of forest stand structure as biodiversity indicator. Forest Ecology and Management. 330: 82–93.
Gasaway WC, DuBois SD. 1985. Initial response of moose, Alces alces, to a wildfire in interior Alaska. Can. Field-Nat. 99:135-140.
Gauthier S, Bernier P, Kuuluvainen T, Shvidenko AZ, Schepaschenko DG. 2015. Boreal forest health and global change. Science. 349(6250): 819–822.
Gustafsson L, Baker SC, Bauhus J, Beese WJ, Brodie A, Kouki J, Lindenmayer DB, Lõhmus A, Pastur GM, Messier C. 2012. Retention forestry to maintain multifunctional forests: a world perspective. Bioscience. 62: 633-645.
Harmon ME, Franklin JF, Swanson FJ, Sollins P, Gregory S, Lattin J, Anderson N, Cline S, Aumen N, Sedell J. 1986. Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystems. Adv. Ecol. Res. 15: 302.
Harper KA, Bergeron Y, Darpeau P, Gauthier S, De Grandpré L. 2005. Structural development following fire in black spruce boreal forest. For. Ecol. Manage. 206:293-306.
Harper KA, Macdonald SE, Mayerhofer MS, Biswas SR, Esseen P, Hylander K, Stewart KJ, Mallik AU, Drapeau P, Jonsson B. 2015. Edge influence on vegetation at natural and anthropogenic edges of boreal forests in Canada and Fennoscandia. The Journal of ecology. 103(3):550–562.
Hart S A, Chen HYH. 2008. Fire, logging, and overstory affect understory abundance, diversity, and composition in boreal forest. Ecological Monographs. 78(1): 123–140.
Hobson KA, Schieck J. 1999. Changes in bird communities in boreal mixedwood forest: Harvest and wildfire effects over 30 years. Ecological Applications: A Publication of the Ecological Society of America. 9(3): 849–863.
Holmberg S, Osterholm M, Sanger K, Cohen M. 1987. Drug-resistant salmonella from animals fed antimicrobials. New England Journal of Medicine. 311(2): 617-622.
Hylander K, Johnson S. 2010. In situ survival of forest bryophytes in small-scale refugia after an intense forest fire: In situ survival of forest bryophytes after intense fire. Journal of Vegetation Science: Official Organ of the International Association for Vegetation Science. 21(6): 1099–1109.
Hylander K, Johnson S. 2010. In situ survival of forest bryophytes in small-scale refugia after an intense forest fires. J. Veg. Sci. 21:1099-1109.
Jönsson MT, BG Jonsson. 2007. Assessing coarse woody debris in Swedish woodland key habitats: Implications for conservation and management. Forest Ecology and Management. 242:363–373.
Jönsson MT, Fraver S, Jonsson BG, Dynesius M, Rydgård M, Esseen PA. 2007. Eighteen years of tree mortality and structural change in an experimentally fragmented Norway spruce forest. For. Ecol. Manage. 242:306-313.
Kafka V, Gauthier S, Bergeron Y. 2001. Fire impacts and crowning in the boreal forest: study of a large wildfire in western Quebec. Int. J. Wildl. Fire. 10:119-127.
Kail J, Hering D, Muhar S, Gerhard M, Preis S. 2007. The use of large wood in stream restoration: experiences from 50 projects in Germany and Austria: Large wood in stream restoration. The Journal of Applied Ecology. 44(6): 1145–1155.
Kimmerer RW, Lake FK. 2001. The role of indigenous burning in land management. Journal of Forestry. 11:36-41.
Kuuluvainen T, Tahvonen O, Aakala T. 2012. Even-aged and uneven-aged forest management in boreal Fennoscandia: a review. Ambio, 41(7): 720–737.
Lake FK, Christianson AC. 2019. Indigenous fire stewardship. In Encyclopedia of Wildfires and Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) Fires (pp. 1–9). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Lee SI, Spence JR, Langor DW. 2017. Combinations of aggregated and dispersed retention improve conservation of saproxylic beetles in boreal white spruce stands. Forest Ecology and Management. 385: 116-126.
Lewis HT. 1989. Ecological and technological knowledge of fire: Aborigines versus park rangers in northern Australia. American Anthropologist. 91(4): 940–961.
Lindenmayer, D. B., & Franklin, J. F. (2002). Conserving forest biodiversity: a comprehensive multiscaled approach: Island press.
Lotan JE, Kilgore BM, Fischer WC, Mutch RW. Proceedings of the Symposium and Workshop on Wilderness Fire. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-182. 81–89.
Martin M, Boucher Y, Fenton NJ, Marchand P, Morin H. 2020. Forest management has reduced the structural diversity of residual boreal old-growth forest landscapes in Eastern Canada. For Ecol. Manage. 458:1-10.
Matlack GR, 1994. Vegetation dynamics of the forest edge—trends in space and successional time. J. Ecol. 82: 113–123.
Matlack GR. 1993. Microenvironment variation within and among deciduous forest edge sites in the eastern United States. Biol. Conserv. 66: 185–194.
McCullough HA. 1948. Plant succession on fallen logs in a virgin spruce-fir forest. Ecology 29: 508-13
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis. Washington, DC.
Moussaoui L, Fenton NJ, Leduc A, Bergeron Y. 2016. Deadwood abundance in post-harvest and post-fire residual patches: an evaluation of patch temporal dynamics in black spruce boreal forest. For Ecol. Manage. 368:17-27.
Osawa A, Matsuura Y, Kajimoto T. 2010. Permafrost Ecosystems. Siberian Larch Forests.
Osawa A, Zyryanova OA, Matsuura Y, Kajimoto T, Wein RW, Eds. (Springer, Netherlands). 459–481.
Packard S. 1993. Restoring oak ecosystems: The savannas and woodlands of the Midwest are providing an arena for an emerging debate about the nature of these ecosystems—and of nature itself. Ecological Restoration. 11(1): 5–16.
Pan Y, Birdsey RA, Fang J, Houghton R, Kauppi PE, Kurz WA, Hayes D. 2011. A large and persistent carbon sink in the world’s forests. Science. 333(6045): 988–993.
Pearce J L, Venier LA, Eccles G, Pedlar J, MCKenney D. 2005. Habitat islands, forest edge and spring-active invertebrate assemblages. Biodiversity and Conservation. 14(12): 2949– 2969.
Perhans K, Appelgren L, Jonsson F, Nordin U, Söderström B, Gustafsson L. 2009. Retention patches as potential refugia for bryophytes and lichens in managed forest landscapes. Biological Conservation. 142(5): 1125–1133.
Reyer CPO, Brouwers N, Rammig A, Brook BW, Epila J, Grant RF, Villela DM. 2015. Forest resilience and tipping points at different spatio-temporal scales: approaches and challenges. The Journal of Ecology. 103(1): 5–15.
Ruel JC, Pin D, Cooper K. 2001. Windthrow in riparian buffer strips: effect of wind exposure, thinning and strip width. For. Ecol. Manage. 143:105-113.
Ruel JC. 1995. Understanding windthrow: silvicultural implications. For. Chron. 71:434-445.
Schmiegelow FKA, Stepnisky DP, Stambaugh CA, Koivula M. 2006. Reconciling salvage logging of boreal forests with a natural-disturbance management model: Postfire salvage of boreal forest. Conservation Biology: The Journal of the Society for Conservation Biology. 20(4): 971–983.
Spies TA, Franklin JF, Thomas TB. 1988. Coarse woody debris in Douglas-Fir forests of western Oregon and Washington. Ecology. 69:1689-702.
Sturtevant BR, Bissonette JA, Long JN, Roberts DW. 1997. Coarse woody debris as a function of age, stand structure, and disturbance in boreal Newfoundland. Ecol Appl. 7:702-12.
Thorpe H, Thomas S, Caspersen J. 2008. Tree mortality following partial harvests is determined by skidding proximity. Ecol. Appl. 18:1652-1663.
Turner MG, Romme WH. 1994. Landscape dynamics in crown fire ecosystems. Landscape ecology. 9:59-77.
Van Damme, L., Plante, L., Burkhardt, R., & Saunders, K. (2014). Status Report on Ecosystem-based Management (EBM) Policy Barriers and Opportunities for EBM in Canada. KBM Resources Group. Thunder Bay, Ontario.
Van Wagner CE. 1983. Fire behaviour in northern conifer forests and shrublands. In ‘The role of fire in northern circumpolar ecosystems’. (Eds RW Wein and DA MacLean). 65-80.
Venier LA, Thompson ID, Fleming R, Malcolm J, Aubin I, Trofymow JA, Brandt JP. (2014).
Williams GW. 2000a. Introduction to aboriginal fire use in North America. Fire Management Today 60:8-11--2000b. Early fire use in Oregon. Fire Management Today. 60:13-20.
Work TT, Jacobs JM, Spence JR, Volney WJ. 2010. High levels of green‐tree retention are required to preserve ground beetle biodiversity in boreal mixedwood forests. Ecological Applications. 20(3): 741-751.
Arno SF. 1985. Ecological effects and management implications of Indian fires.
Åström M, Dynesius M, Hylander K, Nilsson C. 2005. Effects of slash harvest on bryophytes and vascular plants in southern boreal forest clear-cuts: Effects of slash harvest. The Journal of Applied Ecology, 42(6): 1194–1202.
Bergeron Y, Fenton NJ. 2012. Boreal forests of eastern Canada revisited: old growth, nonfire disturbances, forest succession, and biodiversity. Botany. 90(6): 509–523.
Bergeron Y, Leduc A, Harvey BD, Gauthier S, 2002. Natural fire regime: a guide for sustainable management of the Canadian boreal forest. Silva Fenn. 36:81-95.
Bradshaw CJA, Warkentin IG. 2015. Global estimates of boreal forest carbon stocks and flux. Global and Planetary Change. 128: 24–30.
Brandt JP, Flannigan MD, Maynard DG, Thompson ID, Volney VJA. 2013. An introduction to Canada’s boreal zone: ecosystem processes, health, sustainability, and environmental issues. Environ. Rev. 21: 207-226.
Brandt JP, Flannigan MD, Maynard DG, Thompson ID, Volney WJA. 2013. An introduction to Canada’s boreal zone: ecosystem processes, health, sustainability, and environmental issues. Environmental Reviews. 21(4): 207–226.
Brandt JP. 2009. The extent of the North American boreal zone. Environ. Rev. 17: 101-161.
Brassard BW, Chen HYH, Wang JR, Duinker PN. 2008. Effects of time since stand-replacing fire and overstory composition on live tree structural diversity in the boreal forest of central Canada. Canada Journal for Forest Research. 38:52-63.
Burton PJ, Bergeron Y, Bogdanski BEC, Juday GP, Kuuluvainen T, McAfee BJ, Ogden AE, Teplyakov VK, Alfaro RI, Francis DA, Gauthier S, Hantula J. 2010. Sustainability of boreal forests and forestry in a changing environment. Forests and Society - Responding to Global Drivers of Change. International Union of Forest Research Organizations, Vienna, Austria, IUFRO World Series. 249-282.
Carey AB, Johnson ML. 1995. Small mammals in managed, naturally young, and old-growth forests. Ecological Applications. 5:336-352.
Cissel JH, Swanson FJ, Weisberg PJ. 1999. Landscape management using historical fire regimes: Blue River, Oregon. Ecological Applications. 9(4):1217-1231.
Cry D, Gauthier S, Bergeron Y, Carcaillet C, 2009. Forest management is driving the eastern North American boreal forest outside its natural range of variability. Front. Ecol. Environ. 7:519-524.
DeLong SC, Kessler WB. 2000. Ecological characteristics of mature forest remnants left by wildfire. For Ecol. Manage. 131: 93-106.
DeWilde L, Chapin FS III. 2006. Human impacts on the fire regime of interior Alaska: Interactions among fuels, ignition sources, and fire suppression. Ecosystems. 9(8):1342– 1353.
Dhar A, Comeau PG, Karst J, Pinno BD, Chang SX, Naeth AM, Vassov R, Bampfylde C. 2018a. Plant community development following reclamation of oil sands mine sites in the boreal forest: a review. Environ. Rev. 298: 1-13.
Dieler J, Uhl E, Biber P, Müller J, Rötzer T, Pretzsch H. 2017. Effect of forest stand management on species composition, structural diversity, and productivity in the temperate zone of Europe. European Journal of Forest Research, 136(4): 739–766.
Dragotescu I, Kneeshaw DD. 2012. A comparison of residual forest following fires and harvesting in boreal forests in Quebec, Canada. Silva Fenn. 46:365-376.
Drapeau P, Leduc A, Giroux JF, Savard JPL, Bergeron Y, Vickery WL, 2000. Landscape-scale disturbances and changes in bird communities of boreal mixed-wood forests. Ecol. Monogr. 70:423-444.
Effects of natural resource development on the terrestrial biodiversity of Canadian boreal forests. Environmental Reviews. 22(4): 457–490.
Franklin, J. F. (1989). Towards a new forestry. American Forests, 95, 37-44.
Franklin JF, Berg DR, Thornburgh DA, Tappeiner JC. 1997. Alternative silvicultural approaches to timber harvesting: variable retention harvest systems. In: Kohm, K.A., Franklin, J.F. (Eds.), Creating a Forestry for the 21st Century: The Science of Ecosystem Management. Island Press, Washington, DC. 111-140.
Franklin JF, Johnson KN, Johnson DL. 2018. Ecological forest management. Long Grove (IL): Waveland Press.
Gandhi KJ, Spence JR, Langor DW, Morgantini LE. 2001. Fire residuals as habitat reserves for epigaeic beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae and Staphylinidae). Biol. Conserv. 102:131-141.
Gao T, Hedblom M, Emilsson T, Nielsen AB. 2014. The role of forest stand structure as biodiversity indicator. Forest Ecology and Management. 330: 82–93.
Gasaway WC, DuBois SD. 1985. Initial response of moose, Alces alces, to a wildfire in interior Alaska. Can. Field-Nat. 99:135-140.
Gauthier S, Bernier P, Kuuluvainen T, Shvidenko AZ, Schepaschenko DG. 2015. Boreal forest health and global change. Science. 349(6250): 819–822.
Gustafsson L, Baker SC, Bauhus J, Beese WJ, Brodie A, Kouki J, Lindenmayer DB, Lõhmus A, Pastur GM, Messier C. 2012. Retention forestry to maintain multifunctional forests: a world perspective. Bioscience. 62: 633-645.
Harmon ME, Franklin JF, Swanson FJ, Sollins P, Gregory S, Lattin J, Anderson N, Cline S, Aumen N, Sedell J. 1986. Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystems. Adv. Ecol. Res. 15: 302.
Harper KA, Bergeron Y, Darpeau P, Gauthier S, De Grandpré L. 2005. Structural development following fire in black spruce boreal forest. For. Ecol. Manage. 206:293-306.
Harper KA, Macdonald SE, Mayerhofer MS, Biswas SR, Esseen P, Hylander K, Stewart KJ, Mallik AU, Drapeau P, Jonsson B. 2015. Edge influence on vegetation at natural and anthropogenic edges of boreal forests in Canada and Fennoscandia. The Journal of ecology. 103(3):550–562.
Hart S A, Chen HYH. 2008. Fire, logging, and overstory affect understory abundance, diversity, and composition in boreal forest. Ecological Monographs. 78(1): 123–140.
Hobson KA, Schieck J. 1999. Changes in bird communities in boreal mixedwood forest: Harvest and wildfire effects over 30 years. Ecological Applications: A Publication of the Ecological Society of America. 9(3): 849–863.
Holmberg S, Osterholm M, Sanger K, Cohen M. 1987. Drug-resistant salmonella from animals fed antimicrobials. New England Journal of Medicine. 311(2): 617-622.
Hylander K, Johnson S. 2010. In situ survival of forest bryophytes in small-scale refugia after an intense forest fire: In situ survival of forest bryophytes after intense fire. Journal of Vegetation Science: Official Organ of the International Association for Vegetation Science. 21(6): 1099–1109.
Hylander K, Johnson S. 2010. In situ survival of forest bryophytes in small-scale refugia after an intense forest fires. J. Veg. Sci. 21:1099-1109.
Jönsson MT, BG Jonsson. 2007. Assessing coarse woody debris in Swedish woodland key habitats: Implications for conservation and management. Forest Ecology and Management. 242:363–373.
Jönsson MT, Fraver S, Jonsson BG, Dynesius M, Rydgård M, Esseen PA. 2007. Eighteen years of tree mortality and structural change in an experimentally fragmented Norway spruce forest. For. Ecol. Manage. 242:306-313.
Kafka V, Gauthier S, Bergeron Y. 2001. Fire impacts and crowning in the boreal forest: study of a large wildfire in western Quebec. Int. J. Wildl. Fire. 10:119-127.
Kail J, Hering D, Muhar S, Gerhard M, Preis S. 2007. The use of large wood in stream restoration: experiences from 50 projects in Germany and Austria: Large wood in stream restoration. The Journal of Applied Ecology. 44(6): 1145–1155.
Kimmerer RW, Lake FK. 2001. The role of indigenous burning in land management. Journal of Forestry. 11:36-41.
Kuuluvainen T, Tahvonen O, Aakala T. 2012. Even-aged and uneven-aged forest management in boreal Fennoscandia: a review. Ambio, 41(7): 720–737.
Lake FK, Christianson AC. 2019. Indigenous fire stewardship. In Encyclopedia of Wildfires and Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) Fires (pp. 1–9). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Lee SI, Spence JR, Langor DW. 2017. Combinations of aggregated and dispersed retention improve conservation of saproxylic beetles in boreal white spruce stands. Forest Ecology and Management. 385: 116-126.
Lewis HT. 1989. Ecological and technological knowledge of fire: Aborigines versus park rangers in northern Australia. American Anthropologist. 91(4): 940–961.
Lindenmayer, D. B., & Franklin, J. F. (2002). Conserving forest biodiversity: a comprehensive multiscaled approach: Island press.
Lotan JE, Kilgore BM, Fischer WC, Mutch RW. Proceedings of the Symposium and Workshop on Wilderness Fire. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-182. 81–89.
Martin M, Boucher Y, Fenton NJ, Marchand P, Morin H. 2020. Forest management has reduced the structural diversity of residual boreal old-growth forest landscapes in Eastern Canada. For Ecol. Manage. 458:1-10.
Matlack GR, 1994. Vegetation dynamics of the forest edge—trends in space and successional time. J. Ecol. 82: 113–123.
Matlack GR. 1993. Microenvironment variation within and among deciduous forest edge sites in the eastern United States. Biol. Conserv. 66: 185–194.
McCullough HA. 1948. Plant succession on fallen logs in a virgin spruce-fir forest. Ecology 29: 508-13
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis. Washington, DC.
Moussaoui L, Fenton NJ, Leduc A, Bergeron Y. 2016. Deadwood abundance in post-harvest and post-fire residual patches: an evaluation of patch temporal dynamics in black spruce boreal forest. For Ecol. Manage. 368:17-27.
Osawa A, Matsuura Y, Kajimoto T. 2010. Permafrost Ecosystems. Siberian Larch Forests.
Osawa A, Zyryanova OA, Matsuura Y, Kajimoto T, Wein RW, Eds. (Springer, Netherlands). 459–481.
Packard S. 1993. Restoring oak ecosystems: The savannas and woodlands of the Midwest are providing an arena for an emerging debate about the nature of these ecosystems—and of nature itself. Ecological Restoration. 11(1): 5–16.
Pan Y, Birdsey RA, Fang J, Houghton R, Kauppi PE, Kurz WA, Hayes D. 2011. A large and persistent carbon sink in the world’s forests. Science. 333(6045): 988–993.
Pearce J L, Venier LA, Eccles G, Pedlar J, MCKenney D. 2005. Habitat islands, forest edge and spring-active invertebrate assemblages. Biodiversity and Conservation. 14(12): 2949– 2969.
Perhans K, Appelgren L, Jonsson F, Nordin U, Söderström B, Gustafsson L. 2009. Retention patches as potential refugia for bryophytes and lichens in managed forest landscapes. Biological Conservation. 142(5): 1125–1133.
Reyer CPO, Brouwers N, Rammig A, Brook BW, Epila J, Grant RF, Villela DM. 2015. Forest resilience and tipping points at different spatio-temporal scales: approaches and challenges. The Journal of Ecology. 103(1): 5–15.
Ruel JC, Pin D, Cooper K. 2001. Windthrow in riparian buffer strips: effect of wind exposure, thinning and strip width. For. Ecol. Manage. 143:105-113.
Ruel JC. 1995. Understanding windthrow: silvicultural implications. For. Chron. 71:434-445.
Schmiegelow FKA, Stepnisky DP, Stambaugh CA, Koivula M. 2006. Reconciling salvage logging of boreal forests with a natural-disturbance management model: Postfire salvage of boreal forest. Conservation Biology: The Journal of the Society for Conservation Biology. 20(4): 971–983.
Spies TA, Franklin JF, Thomas TB. 1988. Coarse woody debris in Douglas-Fir forests of western Oregon and Washington. Ecology. 69:1689-702.
Sturtevant BR, Bissonette JA, Long JN, Roberts DW. 1997. Coarse woody debris as a function of age, stand structure, and disturbance in boreal Newfoundland. Ecol Appl. 7:702-12.
Thorpe H, Thomas S, Caspersen J. 2008. Tree mortality following partial harvests is determined by skidding proximity. Ecol. Appl. 18:1652-1663.
Turner MG, Romme WH. 1994. Landscape dynamics in crown fire ecosystems. Landscape ecology. 9:59-77.
Van Damme, L., Plante, L., Burkhardt, R., & Saunders, K. (2014). Status Report on Ecosystem-based Management (EBM) Policy Barriers and Opportunities for EBM in Canada. KBM Resources Group. Thunder Bay, Ontario.
Van Wagner CE. 1983. Fire behaviour in northern conifer forests and shrublands. In ‘The role of fire in northern circumpolar ecosystems’. (Eds RW Wein and DA MacLean). 65-80.
Venier LA, Thompson ID, Fleming R, Malcolm J, Aubin I, Trofymow JA, Brandt JP. (2014).
Williams GW. 2000a. Introduction to aboriginal fire use in North America. Fire Management Today 60:8-11--2000b. Early fire use in Oregon. Fire Management Today. 60:13-20.
Work TT, Jacobs JM, Spence JR, Volney WJ. 2010. High levels of green‐tree retention are required to preserve ground beetle biodiversity in boreal mixedwood forests. Ecological Applications. 20(3): 741-751.